Primary Grades (Pre-K–3) Children in the first several years of school are experiencing rapid conceptual and language development as they learn to read and write. In terms of their cognitive development, they tend to be literalists, still developing the ability to think abstractly. As a result, concrete ideas and objects are most appreciated and understood.
Developmental Milestones: Sensory and Thinking Skills • becomes more logical and rational • places great importance on rules and has a stronger sense of right and wrong • develops more concern for others instead of just himself and begins to consider other’s viewpoints • pays attentions to what interests her, but may have a short attention span for verbal directions from adults • enjoys learning and trying new things • learns basic math skills (addition, subtraction, time, measurement, calendar)
Language Skills • learns to read and write • likes to talk • improves articulation • develops greater ability to describe experiences and talk about thoughts and feelings
Upper Elementary (Grades 3–5) The transition to upper elementary school (which some might say occurs at third grade) is marked by the enhanced ability to perform logical operations with concrete materials, like math manipulatives. In the later elementary grades, children begin using abstract concepts more often and adeptly but still do so rarely (through rudimentary algebra, for example). Meanwhile, children’s communication skills, both verbal and written, are rapidly improving. During the third, fourth, and fifth grade, teachers report that differences in cognitive styles (including learning disabilities) become more pronounced and recognizable.
Developmental Milestones: Sensory and Thinking Skills • develops increasing capability for social conscience and for abstract thought, including understanding complex issues such as poverty and war • looks to peers and media for information and advice • becomes more independent and able to make decisions • masters sequencing and ordering, which are both needed for math • may fear the unknown, failure, death, family problems, school related embarrassments, and social rejection
Language Skills • learns meanings of unfamiliar words through knowledge of root words, prefixes, and suffixes • listens and draws conclusions in learning activities • participates in class discussions across subject areas • reads grade‐level books fluently • writes proficiently for a variety of purposes